Post factum 4/9/2026
Wheat ($55B): Russia leads exports (24%), and the Middle East and North Africa depend on imports. Ukraine, normally a major player, now exports less grain due to the war.
Rice ($33B): India sells 40% of exports, and its policies affect rice prices globally, as only 10% of the world’s rice output is traded.
Corn ($45B): the US, Brazil and Argentina sell 70% of exports; Mexico and East Asia buy the most.
Soybeans ($75B): Brazil sells 57% of exports and China buys 61% of imports, mostly for animal feed. China previously imported more from the US, which is a source of disputes.
Soybean meal ($28B): Argentina sells most of the processed soybean meal while the EU is the largest buyer. China mostly crushes its imported soybeans into meal locally.
Palm oil ($45B): Indonesia and Malaysia sell about 85% of exports; India and China buy the most.
Beef ($65B): Brazil is the top exporter (29%) and China the top importer (30%).
Dairy ($55B): New Zealand leads exports (27%), mostly milk powder; China is the largest buyer.
Poultry ($30B): Brazil and the US sell over half of exports to widely spread buyers.
Fish and Seafood
Fish and seafood is the largest traded category, worth $186 billion in 2024, with over a third of output traded.
States have fishing rights up to 370 km from their coasts (exclusive economic zones), and the South China Sea disputes are partly over fishing rights.
China, Norway, Vietnam and Ecuador export the most; the US, the EU and Japan import the most.
Fish farming now slightly exceeds the share of open-water fishing, which has held steady in total volume since the 1990s.
China operates the world’s largest distant-water fishing fleet, up to 16,000 vessels mostly off the coasts of South America and Africa.
It accounts for over 50% of the global deep-sea squid catch, as well as a large share of Pacific tuna.
China’s distant-water fleet commits the most acts of illegal fishing globally and is linked with the use of forced labour, such as debt bondage of the workers at sea.
🌾 Trigo (55 mil milhões de dólares): A Rússia lidera as exportações (24%), e o Médio Oriente e o Norte de África dependem das importações. A Ucrânia, normalmente um grande player, exporta agora menos cereais devido à guerra.
Wheat ($55B): Russia leads exports (24%), and the Middle East and North Africa depend on imports. Ukraine, normally a major player, now exports less grain due to the war. Rice ($33B): India sells 40% of exports, and its policies affect rice prices globally, as only 10% of the world’s rice output is traded. Corn ($45B): the US, Brazil and Argentina sell 70% of exports; Mexico and East Asia buy the most. Soybeans ($75B): Brazil sells 57% of exports and China buys 61% of imports, mostly for animal feed. China previously imported more from the US, which is a source of disputes.Soybean meal ($28B): Argentina sells most of the processed soybean meal while the EU is the largest buyer. China mostly crushes its imported soybeans into meal locally.
Palm oil ($45B): Indonesia and Malaysia sell about 85% of exports; India and China buy the most.
Beef ($65B): Brazil is the top exporter (29%) and China the top importer (30%).
Dairy ($55B): New Zealand leads exports (27%), mostly milk powder; China is the largest buyer.
Poultry ($30B): Brazil and the US sell over half of exports to widely spread buyers.
Fish and SeafoodFish and seafood is the largest traded category, worth $186 billion in 2024, with over a third of output traded.
States have fishing rights up to 370 km from their coasts (exclusive economic zones), and the South China Sea disputes are partly over fishing rights.
China, Norway, Vietnam and Ecuador export the most; the US, the EU and Japan import the most.
Fish farming now slightly exceeds the share of open-water fishing, which has held steady in total volume since the 1990s.
China operates the world’s largest distant-water fishing fleet, up to 16,000 vessels mostly off the coasts of South America and Africa.
It accounts for over 50% of the global deep-sea squid catch, as well as a large share of Pacific tuna.
China’s distant-water fleet commits the most acts of illegal fishing globally and is linked with the use of forced labour, such as debt bondage of the workers at sea.
🍚 Arroz (US$ 33 bi): A Índia representa 40% das exportações, e as suas políticas afetam os preços do arroz a nível global, dado que apenas 10% da produção mundial é comercializada.
🌽 Milho (US$ 45 bi): EUA, Brasil e Argentina representam 70% das exportações; O México e o Leste Asiático são os maiores compradores.
Soja (US$ 75 bi): O Brasil representa 57% das exportações e a China 61% das importações, principalmente para rações para animais. A China importava anteriormente mais dos EUA, o que é fonte de disputas. Farelo de soja (US$ 28 mil milhões): A Argentina vende a maior parte do bagaço de soja processado, enquanto a UE é o maior comprador. A China, na sua maioria, processa (esmaga) a soja importada para produzir o bagaço localmente.
Óleo de palma (US$ 45 mil milhões): A Indonésia e a Malásia representam cerca de 85% das exportações; A Índia e a China são os maiores compradores.
Carne de bovino (US$ 65 mil milhões): O Brasil é o maior exportador (29%) e a China, o maior importador (30%). Lacticínios (US$ 55 mil milhões): A Nova Zelândia lidera as exportações (27%), principalmente de leite em pó; a China é o maior comprador.
Carne de aves (US$ 30 mil milhões): Brasil e EUA representam mais de metade das exportações, com compradores amplamente distribuídos.
🐟 Peixe e marisco O peixe e o marisco constituem a maior categoria comercializada, movimentando 186 mil milhões de dólares em 2024, sendo que mais de um terço da produção é comercializada. Os países têm direitos de pesca até 370 km das suas costas (zonas económicas exclusivas), e as disputas no Mar do Sul da China envolvem, em parte, direitos de pesca. A China, a Noruega, o Vietname e o Equador são os maiores exportadores; Os EUA, a UE e o Japão são os maiores importadores.
A piscicultura (criação em cativeiro) ultrapassa agora ligeiramente a quota da pesca em águas abertas, cujo volume total se mantém estável desde a década de 1990. A China opera a maior frota de pesca em águas distantes do mundo, com até 16.000 embarcações que operam principalmente ao largo das costas da América do Sul e de África. O país é responsável por mais de 50% da captura global de lulas de águas profundas, bem como por uma grande fatia da pesca de atum no Pacífico. A frota chinesa de águas distantes é a que mais pratica a pesca ilegal em todo o mundo e está associada ao recurso a trabalho forçado, como a servidão por dívida dos trabalhadores em alto mar. Post factum 19/7/2026
Fertiliser supports about half of global food production and must be applied every season.
It comes in 3 types: nitrogen 
, made from natural gas, and mined phosphate (P) and potash (K).
Russia is the largest exporter in this $103 billion market, and Morocco holds 70% of the world’s phosphate rock.
Canada, Russia and Belarus supply about 70% of traded potash.
Sanctions on Russia do not cover fertiliser, and Russian sales to Brazil, which imports 85% of its supply, grew after 2022. Sanctions on Belarusian fertiliser were eased, partly for diplomatic leverage against Canada.
Other chemicals are needed for farming too. For example, insect-killing pesticides, for which China produces around 70% of the components.
The production of seeds is another separate industry that affects the food market.
World Hunger
About 673 million people, 8% of humanity, were undernourished in 2024, and 2.3 billion had no reliable access to enough food.
Conflict was the main cause for 56% of the 266 million people in crisis-level hunger in 2025.
Extreme hunger (famine) was confirmed in both Sudan and Gaza in 2025, after blockades and sieges cut off food supplies.
🌽🔥 Os fertilizantes sustentam cerca de metade da produção mundial de alimentos e têm de ser aplicados em cada colheita. Existem três tipos: fertilizantes azotados 👎 (produzidos a partir de gás natural) e os minerais fosfato (P) e potássio (K).
Fertiliser supports about half of global food production and must be applied every season.It comes in 3 types: nitrogen
, made from natural gas, and mined phosphate (P) and potash (K).Russia is the largest exporter in this $103 billion market, and Morocco holds 70% of the world’s phosphate rock.
Canada, Russia and Belarus supply about 70% of traded potash.
Sanctions on Russia do not cover fertiliser, and Russian sales to Brazil, which imports 85% of its supply, grew after 2022. Sanctions on Belarusian fertiliser were eased, partly for diplomatic leverage against Canada.
Other chemicals are needed for farming too. For example, insect-killing pesticides, for which China produces around 70% of the components.
The production of seeds is another separate industry that affects the food market.
World Hunger
About 673 million people, 8% of humanity, were undernourished in 2024, and 2.3 billion had no reliable access to enough food.
Conflict was the main cause for 56% of the 266 million people in crisis-level hunger in 2025.
Extreme hunger (famine) was confirmed in both Sudan and Gaza in 2025, after blockades and sieges cut off food supplies.
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